Weight volume relationship of soil
WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP OF SOILThe physical properties of a soil give insight as to the identification of the soil and the determination of its...
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WEIGHT VOLUME RELATIONSHIP OF SOIL
The physical properties of a soil give insight as to the identification of the soil and the determination of its characteristics and load response. These properties can be determined by performing a laboratory analysis on undisturbed soil samples obtained during the test boring process.
The laboratory analysis should be performed in accordance with the following ASTM Standard:
D-854: Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soils
It should be noted that laboratory analyses are performed under controlled conditions with exacting materials and equipment. The results of such analyses may be considered to be accurate.
A field sample of undisturbed soil will contain three separate and distinct constituents – solids, water, and air.
One of the important properties that must be determined in the laboratory analysis is that of the weight-volume relationship of these constituents. The makeup of this soil sample can be illustrated visually as shown in Fig-1, where V represents volume, W represents weight, and the subscripts a, w, and s represent air, water, and solids.
The general procedure by which the weight and volume are determined is itemized below:
STEP 1.
Select the sample to be tested and determine its total volume V. The units of volume are usually cubic centimeter (cm3).
STEP 2.
Weigh the sample to determine its weight W, in g. Note that this weight includes both the weight of the water and the solid constituents.
STEP 3.
The weight of the solid constituents w. must now be determined. The sample is first oven dried at a constant temperature of 105 to 115 degrees Centigrade. This will drive off all of the free water from the sample. If there are any clay particles in the sample the drying process will also remove the absorbed water molecularly bonded to those particles.
The sample which remains after the drying process consists solely of solid constituents, whose weight can now be determined.
STEP 4.
The weight of water Ww originally contained in the sample can be determined by subtracting the weight of the solids from the initial weight of the sample:
Ww = W-Ws
STEP 5.
The volume of water Vw, corresponding to the weight of water found in Step 3, may now be computed. Remember that density is the ratio of weight to volume, and that the density of water is 1 g/cm3; therefore:
Vw = Ww
STEP 6.
The volume of solids v may be determined by placing the solids from Step 3 into a container of known volume, and filling the container with water whose volume is carefully measured. The difference between these two volumes represents the volume of the solids.
The weights and volumes obtained by these measurements can be used to determine important physical properties of the in-situ soil from which the undisturbed sample was obtained.
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The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a not-for-profit technical institute and trade association for the use of structural steel in the construction industry of the United States.
AISC publishes the AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, an authoritive volume on steel building structure design that is referenced in all U.S. building codes.
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings provides an integrated treatment of allowable strength design (ASD) and load and resistance factor.
Construction's Specification for Structural Steel Buildings for the first time provides an integrated treatment of Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
The Specification provides the generally applicable requirements for the design and construction of structural steel buildings and other structures. The 2016 edition of the AISC Specification and Commentary supersedes and is an update of the 2010 edition.
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Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a not-for-profit technical institute and trade association for the use of structural steel in...
There are five type of Portland cement used in construction
Type I – Ordinary Portland Cement
cement is made for use in general concrete construction. It should be regarded as a standard
material to be used on all work where no unusual conditions or requirements are likely to be encountered. Ready-mixed concrete is usually batched with Type I cement unless some other type is specified by the purchaser.
Type II – Moderate Heat Portland Cement
cement imparts to concrete all the essential characteristics obtainable with Type I cement, plus
improved resistance to sulfate attack,less generation of heat, somewhat better work a ability, lower permeability, and less tendency to bleed. Type II cement is ground some what finer than Type I, and it
has a somewhat different chemical composition. Concrete made with Type II cement will show lower early strength than concrete containing Type I cement, but at three months there is no important difference in strengths.
Type III – High Early Strength Portland Cement
cement is often referred to as high-early-strength cement. It is ground much finer than Types I
and II and its most important characteristic is rapid development of strength. It is used in emergency
construction, or under any conditions that require early discontinuation of curing and protection. As
the table indicates, the strength advantage of concrete made with Type III cement drops steadily with age, eventually equaling that of concretes made with Types I and II cement High-early strength can also be obtained at somewhat less cost by using an accelerator with either Type 1 or TvDe II cement.
Type IV – Sulfate Resisting Portland Cement
cement generates less total heat, and does it at a slower rate, than the other types. It is used mainly in massive concrete structures to prevent the severe cracking that may occur when high tempera-t u res are reached during hydration . Concrete made with Type IV cement is not generally suitable for ordinary structures because it requires extra care at early ages, and pro longed curing (21 days or more) is necessary to obtain adequate strength and weather resistance. As the accompanying table show s, Type IV cement develops comprehensive strength rather slowly, but with adequate protection and curing it reaches equality with concrete made with Type I cement.
Type V–Low-Heat Portland Cement
cement provides the high-est attainable resistance to alkali at-tack, and for this reason it is generally specified for structures which come in contact with water or soil having large concentrations of sulfates. Early strengths are low, but are somewhat higher than for Type IV cement. It also compares favorably with Type IV cement in respect to heat generation. When proper curing conditions are maintained, concrete made with Type V cement attains excellent strength .
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Types of Portland Cement (Khmer Language)
There are five type of Portland cement used in construction
Type I – Ordinary Portland Cement
cement is made for use in general concrete construction....
This document is intended to become a standard reference that can be used in conjunction with the normal design codes and manuals for work in structural design offices. The objective has been to provide 'good practice' guidance within a working document on structural concrete that can be
used to interpret the designer’s instructions in the form of drawings and schedules for communication to the site.
This edition considers the effects of Eurocode 2 on detailing principles and materials and attempts to provide guidance consistent with the Eurocodes. In addition, recent changes in practices and procurement of detailing services have been considered, such as the development of increased
off-site fabrication and detailing being undertaken later in the construction sequence through initiatives such as contractor detailing.
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Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete
This document is intended to become a standard reference that can be used in conjunction with the normal design codes and manuals for...
Where local irregularities in the existing surface would otherwise result in an asphaltic layer more than 75 mm thick after compaction, the surface shall be brought to uniform contour by patching with an asphaltic material to be approved by the Engineer and thoroughly tamping or rolling it until it
conforms with the surrounding surface. The mixture used shall be the same as that specified for the next layer, unless the size of the largest aggregate in the mixture precludes this, in which case the Engineer will decide the mixture to be used.
Where the existing pavement is broken or shows instability, the unsuitable material shall be removed and disposed of as directed by the Engineer and replaced with the same asphaltic material as specified for the succeeding pavement layer, compacted to the specified standard and to the elevation of the adjacent surface.
Where the existing surface course is stabilised or constructed of asphaltic materials or Portland cement concrete, and if the edge of the course has become eroded, disintegrated,or broken, the edges shall be trimmed back, the debris removed and disposed of, and the space backfilled with an
asphaltic material or with gravel or similar approved material, and then compacted, as directed by the Engineer.
The surface upon which the asphaltic material is to be placed shall be swept thoroughly and cleaned of all loose dirt and other objectionable material immediately before spreading the asphaltic materials.
Before spreading the asphaltic material upon a Portland cement concrete surface all longitudinal and transverse joints shall be cleaned out and filled with an approved sand asphalt mix. Cracks shall be similarly treated as directed by the Engineer.
Wherever possible the cleaning out shall be to a depth of 40 mm or more and the sand asphalt shall be thoroughly compacted in joints and cracks to a level which will not be more than 5mm below the surface.
If instructed by the Engineer a tack coat shall be applied in accordance with Section 4.3 of these Specifications. If the Engineer considers an additional tack coat is required prior to laying the asphaltic material or between successive layers of the asphaltic material, due to solely to the Contractor’s method of working, then such tack coat shall be at the Contractor’s expense.
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Preparation of Existing Surface
Where local irregularities in the existing surface would otherwise result in an asphaltic layer more than 75 mm thick after compaction, the surface...
Quarry material is rock, sand, gravel, earth or other mineral material, other than local borrow or selected material, obtained on the project.
Quarry material does not include materials such as cement, lime, marble powder etc. obtained from established commercial sources.
Quarry Materials shall be furnished by the Contractor from any source he may select, except that when mandatory local sources of certain materials are designated on the Drawings or in the Special Provisions, the Contractor shall furnish material from such designated mandatory sources.
The furnishing of quarry materials from any source is subject to the provisions of Sub- Clauses 37.1 Inspection of Operations and 37.2 Inspection and Testing of the General Conditions.
Unless approved in writing by the Engineer, material sources shall not be excavated allocations where the resulting scars will present an unsightly appearance from any highway. No payment will be made for material obtained in violation of this provision.
The Contractor shall, at his expense, make any arrangements necessary for hauling over local public and private roads from any source and shall comply in all respects with the relevant provisions of the General Conditions. Sona 12/02/2018 Admin Bandung Indonesia
Quarry Materials
Quarry material is rock, sand, gravel, earth or other mineral material, other than local borrow or selected material, obtained...
MATERIALS SUPPLY, SAMPLES AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
All materials, manufactured articles and machinery to be incorporated in the
Works shall meet all quality requirements of the relevant provisions of the
Contract. They must in all cases be approved by the Engineer prior to their
inclusion into the Work.In order to expedite the Work, the Contractor shall,
before placing any purchase order for materials, manufactured articles and
machinery to be incorporated in the Works, submit for the approval of the
Engineer, a complete description of such items, the names of the firms from
which it is proposed to obtain such items, together with a list of the items it is
proposed for each firm to supply. No such materials, manufactured articles or
machineryshall be ordered from any firm without the written approval of the
Engineer.When directed by the Engineer or otherwise specified in the Contract
the Contractor shall submit samples for approval.
If it is found after trials that sources of supply for previously approved
materials, manufactured articles or machinery do not produce items in
accordance with the Specifications, the Contractor shall furnish such items
from other sources approved by the Engineer. Sona 12/02/2018 Admin Bandung Indonesia
Construction Specification (Materials)
MATERIALS SUPPLY, SAMPLES AND QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
All materials, manufactured articles and machinery to be incorporated in...
