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Machine excavation and material extraction

Once the stakeout is done, the machine proceeds with the excavation of as much earth as possible.

For this purpose, the total amount of earth to be excavated will be calculated by means of topographic plans and the projection of the new building. This volumetric computation is performed when there is a topographic survey of the terrain under analysis.

Contract and measurement method

The excavation of virgin earth material and the respective extraction and hauling off the ground consist of a single item within the unit price analysis.

The earth excavation contract with the contractor will then be based on the projected volume. This projected volume must be multiplied by a swelling factor according to the type of terrain to be excavated.

10% swelling for loose terrain
15% for compact sand
20% to 25% for clays and clays with gravel
30% to 40% for rocky material
20% to 70% for demolition debris

Many times when the projected volume is not available, the earth extraction contract is made by machine on the number of dump trucks that leave the land. However, under this model, there is no amount calculated a priori that allows a budget for the work to be made for the excavation item.

Excavation by hand

Excavation by hand is done after all the earth excavated by machine has been removed. This type of excavation (by hand) is carried out for the footings and retaining walls sector.

Although a certain percentage of footing excavation can be done by machine, care must be taken that the machine does not exceed the footing offset depth, since if this happens, the accidentally excavated soil would have to be filled in and compacted, running the risk. that the compacted soil does not remain the same as the naturally consolidated soil.

Although a certain percentage of footing excavation can be done by machine, this excavation must be fully budgeted as if it were by hand. This is because the volume that the machine will help excavate the pit where the footing will go cannot be estimated and in the end, the profiling of the hole must always be done by hand. Therefore, the worst case is adopted, which is that everything is excavated by hand.

Types of excavation by hand

Soft ground excavation

As its name says, it is the excavation of organic soil, sand, or loosely compacted clay.

Hard ground excavation

It consists of the excavation of overconsolidated clay soils or gravelly and rocky soils. This type of excavation is more expensive than the previous one.

Excavation with exhaustion

In cases where the water table is high, and when excavating water must be pumped to allow the workers to work, this pumping must be included in the excavation costs.

Excavation at high depths

There is another type of excavation at high depths where more than one person is already needed to accomplish the job, as well as equipment such as ladders, shirts or rings to support the ground, and even winch, depending on the amount of material to be extracted.

Filling and compacting

Finally, for metric computations, the filling and compaction of the earth must also be measured, referring to the voids to be filled after the foundations have been emptied.

SNRN 3/26/2021 Admin Bandung Indonesia

Soil excavation by machine and by hand

Machine excavation and material extractionOnce the stakeout is done, the machine proceeds with the excavation of as much earth as possible.For this purpose,...

It consists of the adaptation of the construction environment to the minimum needs for habitability and work

In this sense, the installation of works is carried out by building temporary environments of different use according to the needs of the construction.

The most commons are:
Deposit
Porter or Caregiver Room
Bath
Environment or cover for tools and clothes of Workers
Perimeter fence

Finishing and improvisation of environments

Most of the time while excavating the land and building the first floor slabs, the environments mentioned above will be highly improvised.

Even at the time of demolishing the old environments prior to the excavation, materials are recovered that can be used to build the environments of the worksite.

When environments are built for the installation of tasks, it is normal to build them on the internal perimeter of the land, since this sector often does not harm the construction of the building.

Bath position

The bathroom is usually accommodated as close as possible to the old chambers of the land, corresponding to the old house or demolished property. This is done to prevent sanitary pipes running through construction and disrupting regular work.

Electrical installations

Electrical installations in the field are usually the elements relegated to the last place in importance, however, it is one of the main inputs in construction.

The cables derived from the electric power meter usually do not have the necessary insulation, or they tend to be routed on the floor and without the necessary support.

A recommended way to have this issue available is through a board like the one shown:

Cost

The Faenas installation could be one of the most difficult items to calculate since it varies according to the type of finish that you want to give it.

The environments can be in the exposed brick partition or in contrast, be huts armed with wood, paint, and all the necessary comforts of an office.

It all depends on the budget you have, the size of the work, and even the factor of how close the offices and logistics area is to the land.

One way of budgeting direct costs for the installation of works could consist of estimating two workers working full time for a week, and adding the amount of material to be used for that purpose.

SNRN 3/26/2021 Admin Bandung Indonesia

Construction site preparation

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The Importance of Insurance for Your Construction Project

There are all sorts of risks associated with construction projects, from natural disasters like fire and wind storms to vandalism, arson, and theft. As...

The construction area is one that is shockingly inclined to mishaps because of the high-hazard nature of the work. Working at tallness and working with incredible hardware makes this kind of work more hazardous than different occupations.

Did you know, for instance, that 3% of construction laborers support a business related injury every year – and these details are only the ones that really get revealed? In 2015/2016 a sum of 43 laborers were lethally harmed in the construction area (details from HSE).

With figures like these, it's not difficult to see that more security is required for laborers in this industry and that construction protection is vital. Just as ensuring laborers in the event that they need to go on vacation through injury or disease as far as pay, should an extreme mishap happen, construction obligation protection will cover other fundamental viewpoints like public risk, items responsibility just as monetary misfortune and lawful costs.

Picking a decent construction protection strategy and the proper extra cover is truly significant so don't race into settling on a choice. You could quickly choose the least expensive cover and afterward discover when it is past the point of no return that you weren't covered to the level that you had thought you were. With regards to your wellbeing, choosing the correct cover is a higher priority than some other part of protection, so ensure that you work with an expert construction protection supplier like Tradesman Saver.

Individual mishap cover is basic in this profession, as you can see from the details, and throughout the span of your vocation, you're probably going to be needing it because of some type of injury. It likewise covers you for infection, so you don't need to stress over how you will take care of the bills on the off chance that you are down and out for some time. Suppose you broke your wrist playing sport and couldn't work for a while. Except if you have the applicable protection cover, this could have colossal monetary implications for you.

In construction, taking out open responsibility cover is likewise a savvy move. If you somehow managed to be prosecuted for a physical issue of an individual from the general population, or harm to public property, the expenses related would be immense. Just as paying your lawful costs, you would have to pay out remuneration in the event that you are considered to be at risk. Expenses can undoubtedly run into the large numbers relying upon the conditions of the case, so it's impossible that your business could bear to take care of the expenses without protection.

On the off chance that a client endures monetary misfortune, they may wish to guarantee against you. Once more, this can wind up being expensive and is undeniably more normal than you may might suspect, so you need to be taking out a cover that incorporates this.

Kinds of protection Covers in Construction Industry

Different kinds of cover that you can alternatively take out incorporate business' risk. Regardless of whether you have only one representative, manager's obligation protection ought to be a need for you. In the event that your laborer gets harmed while working for you, there are monetary results. From one side of it, they may set in a pay guarantee against you and relying upon the earnestness of the injury, expenses could run high. The exact opposite thing that you need as a business is to question claims with your laborers, so setting up boss' responsibility will assist with securing your set up and keep a decent connection with them.

Another perspective that you might need to get protected is devices and gear. Supplanting broken or taken gear doesn't come modest and, as you may definitely know, the circumstance emerges regularly. Robbery of hardware is typical and can truly affect your benefits, so you will be appreciative for taking out the cover if and when you need to guarantee.

You shouldn't compromise with a protection however when it comes down to construction protection, you truly can't bear to commit errors.

SNRN 2/22/2021 Admin Bandung Indonesia

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Good design must not only be safe but must aim to save construction costs, time and materials. The following procedures should help to achieve this and an ‘educated’ client will recognize the importance of funding this work with a realistic fee.

1.Decide the Location of Columns & Foundation and Type of Loads Acting on Them

On the building plan, the position of columns and loadbearing walls should be marked, and any other induced loadings and bending moments. The loads should be classified into dead, imposed and wind loadings, giving the appropriate partial safety factors for these loads.

2.Estimate Allowable Bearing Pressure of Soil Using Ground Investigation Report

From a study of the site ground investigation (if available), the strength of the soil at various depths or strata below foundation level should be studied, to determine the safe bearing capacity at various levels. These values – or presumed bearing values (from any standards or codes) in the absence of a site investigation – are used to estimate the allowable bearing pressure.

3.Decide Depth of Foundation

The invert level (underside) of the foundation is determined by either the minimum depth below ground level unaffected by temperature, moisture content variation or erosion – this can be as low as 450 mm in granular soils but, depending on the site and ground conditions, can exceed 1 m – or by the depth of basement, boiler house, service ducts or similar.

4.Calculate Foundation Area

The foundation area required is determined from the characteristic (working) loads and estimated allowable pressure. This determines the preliminary design of the types or combination of types of foundation. The selection is usually based on economics, speed and buildability of construction.

5.Determine Variation in Vertical Stresses

The variation of vertical stress w.r.t depth is determined, to check for possible over-stressing of any underlying weak strata.

6.Calculate Settlement

Settlement calculations should be carried out to check that the total and differential settlements are acceptable. If these are unacceptable then a revised allowable bearing pressure should be determined, and the foundation design amended to increase its area, or the foundations should be taken down to a deeper and stronger stratum.

7.Cost Control

Before finalizing the choice of foundation type, the preliminary costing of alternative superstructure designs should be made, to determine the economics of increasing superstructure costs in order to reduce foundation costs.

8.Consider Time

Alternative safe designs should be checked for economy, speed and simplicity of construction. Speed and economy can conflict in foundation construction – an initial low-cost solution may increase the construction period. Time is often of the essence for a client needing early return on capital investment. A fast-track programmed for superstructure construction can be negated by slow foundation construction.

9.Variation in ground condition

The design office should be prepared to amend the design, if excavation shows variation in ground conditions from those predicted from the site soil survey and investigation.

SNRN 11/27/2020 Admin Bandung Indonesia

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